Rowlatt Act, 1919

·          It was also called Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act.

·  It was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on March 18, 1919,under the Viceroyalty of Lord Chemsford(1916-21).

·        Power- To imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years without a trial, and gave the imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities.

·        Purpose- to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. 

·     Swami Shradhananda advice to start a movement of non-payment of land revenue to the British.

·        On 6^th April 1919, Gandhiji called for national-level Strike.

·      On 10^th April two leaders of the congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, were arrested.

JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE

o   13^th April, 1919 at Amritsar,Punjab.

o    Rabindranath Tagore  renounce his knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest on 30^th May 1919.  In the repudiation letter, dated 30 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, he wrote "I ... wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings."

o    Shankar Ram Nayar resigned from the membership of the Viceroy’s Council.

o  The Hunter Commission(14 October 1919), a committee of inquiry into the events in Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

o      Michael O'Dwyer, aged 75, was shot dead at a joint meeting of the East India Association and the Central Asian Society in Caxton Hall, London on 13 March 1940, by an Indian revolutionary, Udham Singh, in retaliation for the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar.

o   Edwin Montagu, condemned O'Dwyer's severity, and called it as “Preventive Murder”.

o       C.F.Andrews called Jallianwala Massacre as ruthless Murder.

Trade Union and Communist Party

·    Madras Textile Workers' Union(1918), first labour union,  was organised under presidentship of B.P. Wadia.

·  Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association, India's oldest union of textile workers, in 1918, was founded by Anasuya Sarabhai accompanied by Mahatma Gandhi.

·    The  All India Trade Union Congress (31^st oct 1920) is the oldest trade union federations in India founded in Bombay by  Lala Lajpat Rai(1^st president), N. M. Joshi, Joseph Baptista  and a few others.

·        The Communist International,  also known as the Third International (1919–1943) founded by Vladimir Lenin, that advocated world communism.  M.N. Roy (1^st Indian) attended as a delegate of the Communist Party of Mexico.

·  The Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 17 October 1920. The founding members of the party were M.N. Roy, Evelyn Trent Roy (Roy's wife), Abani Mukherji, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Shafiq Siddiqui, Rafiq Ahmed and else.

·  Kanpur conspiracy case(1924) was against the leader of Communist Movemet ( M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and else).

·        In Indian 1926-39 was the revolutionary phase of Trade Union Movement.

· Radical Democratic Party(1939) founded by former Communist International leader M.N. Roy.

PEASANT MOVEMENT

·   The UP Kisan Sabha was set up in February 1918 Mainly due to the efforts of the Home Rule activists by Gauri Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi. Madan Mohan Malaviya supported their efforts. 

·        Nai-dhobi bandh were organised by the panchayats of Awadh in 1919 for depriving landlords of the services of even barbers and washer men in Pratapgarh district.

·    In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra and established “Awadh Kisan Sabha” in 1920.

·     Eka Movement, 1921-22 was basically against the higher rent, generally higher than 50% of the recorded rent. Demand for modification in rent.

·      All India Kisan Sabha  an important peasant movement, started in Bihar, formed by Sahajanand Saraswati(president) in 1936. First session held at Lucknow.

·    Khudai Khidmatgar (North-west Frontier Province) -  Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

·   The Bardoli Satyagraha(Gujarat), 1928 was eventually led by Vallabhbhai Patel to reduce the taxes for the year in face of the calamities. It was women of bardoli who bestowed him the title of Sardar for the first time by Gandhiji.

·        Bengal Tenant Party (1929-37)  led by A. K. Fazlul Huq

·        Bakasht Movement(Bihar) led by Swami Shradhananda Saraswati.

·     The Tebhaga movement(1946-47) was an independence campaign initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha demanding to reduce the share given to landlords from ½ to 1/3.

·   The Bhoodan Movement or Land Gift Movement was a voluntary land reform movement in India, started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village in Telangana.

MAHATMA GANDHI

·        Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822-1885)^[1] also known as Kaba Gandhi was a political figure in Porbandar. He served as Prime Minister of Porbandar state, Dewan of Rajkot and Bikaner.

Born	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
	2 October 1869
	Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency,British India[1]
	(now in Gujarat, India)
Marriage	At the Age of 13 with Kasturba Gandhi
Died	30 January 1948 (aged 78)
	New Delhi, Delhi, India
Cause of death	Assassination by shooting
Resting place	Ashes scattered in various Indian rivers
Other names	Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu, Gandhiji
Ethnicity	Gujarati
Education	barrister-at-law
Alma mater	Alfred High School, Rajkot,(Primary Education)
	Samaldas College, Bhavnagar,
	University College, London
Known for	Leadership of Indian independence movement,
	philosophy of Satyagraha,Ahimsa or nonviolence,
	pacifism
Religion	Hinduism, with Jain influences
Spouse(s)	Kasturba Gandhi
Children	Harilal
	Manilal
	Ramdas
	Devdas
Parents	·         Karamchand Gandhi (father)
	·         Putlibai Gandhi (mother)

·        He edited several newspapers including Harijan in Gujarati, in Hindi and in the English language; Indian Opinion while in South Africa and, Young India, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India.

·        The Phoenix Farm(a community where he started to practise simple community living), established by Mahatma Gandhi in 1904,  is situated in Durban (South Africa).

·        Mahatma Gandhi was supportive of Philosophical Anarchist.

·        In London, Gandhi studied law and jurisprudence and enrolled at the Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister.

·        Gandhi's ethical thinking was heavily influenced by a message “The Good of the Individual is contained in the Good of All” of John Ruskin's Unto this Last (1862) book.

·        Principle of Gandhiji – Trurth & Non-violence(path to achieve truth).

·        Gandhiji measures for Family Planning – Self-Control

·        Gandhiji in South Africa lived 21years(1893-1914)

·        Gandhiji returned India in 1915

·        First session of INC to be attended by Gandhiji- Kolkata session,1901

·        Satyagrah Ashram(1915) translocated as Sabarmati Ashram(1917) on the banks of the River Sabarmati, Ahmadabad, Gujarat.

·        Political Guru of Gandhiji – Gopal Krishna Gokhale

·        First Satyagrahi – Gandhiji in Champaran Satyagrah,1917

·        GandhiJi said “Destruction of Foreign goods is the only superior behaviour with them(Britishers)”.

·        Satyagrah Of Gandhiji

o   Champaran Satyagraha – 1917(first Satyagraha), (against tinkathiya system- 3/20^th part of the land should be cultivated with indigo) invited by Rajkumar shukla. Joined by Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, C.F.Andrews, Mahadev Desai, Acharya Kriplani, Ram Navami Prasad and later Jawaharlal Nehru.

o   Ahamdabad Mill Strike – Feb-Mar, 1918 (Mill worker took part in this Industrial movement)

o   Kheda Satyagraha – 22 March 1918, (During the period of Famine, suffering from plague, administration levied land revenue from the farmer which was opposed by Gandhiji)

o   Non-Cooperation Movement – 1920-22

o   Civil Disobedience Movement – 1930

o   Rajkot Satyagraha - 1939

·        Subhash Chandra Bose was the first to entitled Gandhiji as “PRESIDENT” on 6^th july, 1944 at Azad Hind Radio.

·        R. N. Tagore first called Gandhi a Mahatma or a great soul after successful Champaran Satyagraha.

·        Gandhiji first entry into Chhattisgarh in 20^th Dec, 1920.

·        Pyare Lal was the Secretary of Gandhiji in Noakhali kaal. He participated in the Salt March to Dandi in 1930.  His sister Dr. Sushila Nayyar was the personal physician to Mahatma Gandhi.

·        Rajendra Prasad, follower of Gandhiji, served in various educational institutions as a teacher. 

·        Jamnalal Bajaj was an Indian industrialist, a philanthropist, banker, Cogressman, Indian independence fighter, and also a close associate and follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He was also an elected member of the Congress Working Committee and as the treasurer of Congress in 1933.

·        Charles Freer Andrews(Dinbandhu), a Christian missionary, educator and social reformer in India and a close friend of Mahatma Gandhi.

·        During the Swadhinta of India, Gandhiji was not the member of congress. He resign from Congress in 1934.

·        On the eve of Gandhiji’s death, Jawaharlal Nehru said “The light has gone out of our lives”.

·        Gandhiji’s first movement on National Level - Rowlatt Satyagraha

·        N.G. Ranga was opposed of Champaran Satyagraha.